XI. THE SINNER'S NATURAL POWER AND MORAL WEAKNESS.
"Of whom a man is
overcome, of the same is he brought in bondage."-2 Peter ii. 19.
I PROPOSE in my present discourse to discuss the moral state of
the sinner.
I. All men are
naturally free
The first important fact to be noted is, that all men are
naturally free, and none the less so for being sinners. They naturally have
freedom of will.
By natural freedom I do not mean that they have a right
to do as they please; for this can by no means be true. Nor do I mean that they
are free agents merely in the sense of being able to do as they will to
do. In fact, men sometimes can and sometimes can not execute their purposes of
will; but be this as it may, moral liberty does not consist in the power to
accomplish one's purposes. You are aware that some old philosophers defined
liberty of will to be the power to do what you will to do. This, for many reasons,
can not be the true idea of freedom of the will. For look at the department of doing
which is embraced in muscular action. The simple fact is, that some of our
muscles are not under the control of the will at all, while others are under
its control by a law of the sternest necessity. In regard to this latter class,
all the freedom there is pertains to the will -- none of it to the action of
the muscles controlled by the will. It is then a sheer mistake to deny the
location of freedom where it is, and to locate it where it is not. If there be
any such thing as necessity in the universe, it is found in the absolute
control held by the will over those physical muscles which are placed under its
control. The obedience of the muscles is absolute -- not free or voluntary in
any sense whatever. Hence the absurdity of locating human freedom there.
This freedom is in the will itself, and consists in its power of
free choice. To do, or not to do -- this is its option. It has by its own
nature the function of determining its own volitions. The soul wills to do or
not to do, and thus is a moral sovereign over its own activities. In this fact
lies the foundation for moral agency. A being so constituted that he can
will to do or not to do, and has moreover knowledge and appreciation of his
moral obligations, is a moral agent. None other can be.
It deserves special notice here that every man knows that he has
a conscience which tells him how he ought to act, as well as a moral power in
the exercise of which he can either heed or repel its monitions.
That a man is free in the sense of determining his own
activities is proved by each man's own consciousness. This proof requires no
chain of reasoning. It is strong as need be, without any reasoning at all. A
man is just as much aware and as well aware of originating his own acts as he
is of acting at all. Does he really act himself? Yes. And does he know that
he acts himself? Yes. How does he know these things?, By consciousness.
But he has the same evidence of being free -- for this is equally proved by his
own consciousness.
Still further: man can distinguish between those acts in which
he is free, and those in which he is acted upon by influences independent of
his own choice. He knows that in some things he is a recipient of influences
and of actions exerted upon himself, while in other things he is not a
recipient in the same sense, but a voluntary actor. The fact of this
discrimination proves the possession of free agency.
The difference to which
I now refer is one of everyday consciousness. Sometimes a man can not tell
whence his thoughts come. Impressions are made upon his mind the origin of
which be can not trace. They may be from above -- they may be from beneath: he
knows but little of their source, and little about them, save that they are not
his own free volitions. Of his own acts of will there can be no such
uncertainty. He knows their origin. He knows that they are the product of an
original power in himself, for the exercise of which he is compelled to hold
himself primarily responsible.
Not only has he this direct consciousness, but he has, as
already suggested, the testimony of his own conscience. This faculty, by its
very nature, takes cognizance of his moral acts, requiring certain acts of will
and forbidding others. This faculty is an essential condition of free moral
agency. Possessing it, and also man's other mental powers, he must be free and
under moral obligation.
It is inconceivable that man should be under moral law and
government, without the power of free moral action. The logical condition of
the existence of a conscience in man is that he should be free.
That man is free is evident from the fact that he is conscious
of praise or blameworthiness. He could not reasonably blame himself unless it
were a first truth that he is free. By a first truth, I mean one that is known
to all by a necessity of their own nature. There are such truths -- those which
none can help knowing, however much they may de. sire to ignore them. Now
unless it were a first truth, necessarily known to all, that man is free, he
could not praise or blame himself.
As conscience implies moral agency, so, where there is a
conscience, it is impossible for men really to deny moral responsibility. Men
can not but blame themselves for wrong doing. Conscious of the forewarning of
conscience against the wrong act, how can they evade the conviction that the
act was wrong?
Again, the Bible always treats men as free agents, commanding
them to do or not to do as if of course they had all the power requisite to
obey such commands. A young minister once said to me, "I preach that men ought
to repent, but never that they can." "Why not preach also
that they can?" said I. He replied, "The Bible does not affirm that
they can." To this I replied that it would be most consummate
trifling for a human legislature, having required certain acts, to proceed to
affirm that its subjects have the power to obey. The very
requirement is the strongest possible affirmation, that in the belief of the enacting
power, the subjects are able to do the things required. If the law-makers did
not believe this, how in reason could they require it? The very first
assumption to be made concerning good rulers is, that they have common sense
and common honesty. To deny, virtually, that God has these qualities, is
blasphemous.
Freedom of will lies among the earliest and most resistless
convictions. Probably no one living can remember his first idea of oughtness
-- his first convictions of right and wrong. It is also among our most
irresistible convictions. We assume the freedom of our own will from the very
first. The little child affirms it in its first infantile efforts to accomplish
its purposes. See him reach forth to get his food or his playthings. The little
machinery of a freely acting agent begins to play long ere he can understand
it. He begins to act on his own responsibility, long before he can estimate
what or how great this responsibility is. The fact of personal responsibility
is fastened on us so that we might as well escape from ourselves as from this
conviction.
II. Men are in moral
bondage
While it is true, past a rational denial, that men have this
attribute of moral liberty, it is equally true that they are morally
enslaved -- in moral bondage. The liberty they have by created
constitution; the bondage comes by voluntary perversion and abuse of their
powers.
The Bible represents men as being in bondage. As having the
power to resist temptation to sin, but yet as voluntarily yielding to those
temptations. Just as our dough-faced politicians might, but do not and will
not, resist the demands of the slave power. Just such is the bondage of sinners
under temptation. The Bible represents Satan as ruling the hearts of men at his
will, just as the men who wield the slave power of the South rule the dough
faces of the North at their will, dictating the choice of our Presidents and
the entire legislation of the Federal Government. So Satan ruled Eve in the
garden; so he now "works in the children of disobedience."
What the Bible thus represents, experience proves to be true.
Wicked men know that they are in bondage to Satan. What do you think
puts it into the heart of young men to plot iniquity and drink it in like
water? Is it not the devil? How many young men do we meet with who, when
tempted, seem to have no moral stamina to resist, but are swept away by the
first gust of temptation.
Men are in bondage to their appetites. Appetite excited leads
them away as it led Eve and Adam. What can be the reason that some young men
find it so hard to give up the use of tobacco? They know the habit is filthy
and disgusting; they know it must injure their health; but appetite craves, and
the devil helps on its demands; the poor victim makes a feeble effort to
deliver himself, but the devil turns the screw again and holds him the tighter,
and then drags him back to a harder bondage.
So when a man is in bondage to alcohol, and so with every form
of sensual indulgence. Satan helps on the influence of sensuality, and does not
care much what the particular form of it may be, provided its power be strong
enough to ruin, the soul. It all plays into his hand and promotes his main
purpose.
So men are in bondage to the love of money; to the fashions of
the world: to the opinions of mankind. By these they are enslaved and led on in
the face of the demands of duty. Every man is really enslaved who is in fact
led counter to his convictions of duty. He is free only when he acts in
accordance with those convictions. This is the true idea of liberty. Only when
reason and conscience control the will is a man free -- for God made men
intelligent and moral beings to act normally, under the influence of their own
enlightened conscience and reason. This is such freedom as God exercises and
enjoys; none can be higher or nobler. But when a moral agent is in bondage to
his low appetites and passions, and is led by them to disregard the dictates of
his conscience and of his reason, he is simply a galley slave, and to a very hard
and cruel master.
God made men to be free, giving them just such mental powers as
they need in order to control their own activities as a rational being should
wish to. Their bondage, then, is altogether voluntary. They choose to
resist the control of reason, and submit to the control of appetite and
passion.
Every impenitent man is conscious of being really in bondage to
temptation. What man, not saved from sin through grace, does not know that he
is an enigma to himself? I should have little respect for any man who should
say he was never ashamed of himself, and never found himself doing things he
could not well account for. Especially I should be ashamed and afraid, too, if
I were to hear a student say he had never been impressed with a sense of his
moral weakness. Such ignorance would only show his utter lack of reflection,
and his consequent failure to notice the most obvious moral phenomena of his
inner life. What! does he not know that his weakest desires carry his will, the
strongest convictions of his reason and conscience to the contrary
notwithstanding?
This is a most guilty state, because so altogether
voluntary -- so needless, and so opposed to the convictions of his reason and
of his understanding, and withal so opposed to his convictions of God's
righteous demands. To go counter to such convictions, he must be supremely
guilty.
Of course such conduct must be most suicidal. The sinner acts in
most decided opposition to his own best interests, so that if he has the power
to ruin himself this course must certainly do it. The course he pursues is of
all others best adapted to destroy both body and soul; how, then, can it be
anything but suicidal? He practically denies all moral obligation. And yet he
knows the fact of his moral obligation, and denies it in the face of his
clearest convictions. How can this be otherwise than suicidal? I have many
times asked sinners how they could account for their own conduct. The honest
ones answer, "I cannot at all; I am an enigma to myself." The real
explanation is, that while by created constitution they are free moral agents,
yet, by the infatuation of sin, they have sold themselves into moral bondage,
and are really slaves to Satan and their own lusts.
This is a state of deep moral degradation. Intrinsically it is
most disgraceful. Everybody feels this in regard to certain forms of sin and
classes of sinners. We all feel that drunkenness is beastly. A drunkard we
regard as a long way toward beasthood. See him reeling about, mentally besotted
and reeking in his own filth! Is not he almost a beast? Nay, rather must we not
ask pardon of all beasts for this comparison, for not one is so mean and so
vile -- not one excites in our bosom such a sense of voluntary degradation.
Compared with the self-besotted drunkard, any one of them is a noble creature.
So we all say, looking only from our human standpoint. But there
is another and a better standpoint. How do angels look upon this
self-made drunkard? They see in him one made only a little lower than themselves,
and one who might have aspired to companionship with them; yet he chose rather
to sink himself down to a level with swine! O how their souls must recoil from
the sight of such self-made degradation! To see the noble quality of intellect
discarded; and yet nobler moral qualities disowned, and trodden under foot as
if they were only an incumbrance -- this is too much for angels to bear. How
they must feel!
Nor is the drunkard alone in the contempt which his sensual
degradation entails. See the tobacco-smoker. The correct taste of community
demands that by conventional laws he be excluded from parlors,
steamboat-cabins, first-class rail-cars, churches, and indeed all really decent
places. Yet, for the sake of this low indulgence, the smoker is willing to
descend into places not decent. See him steal out of his place among
respectable people in the rail-car, and herd with rowdies in the smoking-car,
for the sake of his filthy indulgence. If he were only obliged to ride all day
in the society to which he sinks himself by this indulgence, it might admonish
him of the cost of his sensuality! It might help to open his eyes!
I have taken these forms of sensual indulgence as illustrations
of the real degradation of sin. In these cases the good sense of mankind has
been evinced by the grade of debasement to which they consign these votaries of
low self-indulgence. If we only saw things in their right light we should take
the same view of the moralist. I recollect that in talking with a great
moralist he said, "How can I act from regard to God or to the right? How
can I go to meeting from the high motive of pleasing God? I can go from a
desire to promote my own selfish ends, but how can I go for the sake of
pleasing God?"
Yes, that is precisely his difficulty and his guilt. He does not
care how little he pleases God! That is the least of his concern. The very
lowest class of motives sways his will and his life. He stands entirely afar
from the reach of the highest and noblest. In this consists his self-made
degradation and his exceeding great guilt.
So of the miser when he gets beyond all motives but the love of
hoarding; when his practical question is -- not, How shall I honor my race, or
bless my generation, or glorify my Maker; but, How can I make a few coppers?
Even when urged to pray, he would ask, "What profit shall I have if I do
pray unto Him?" When you find a man thus incapable of being moved by noble
motives, what a wretch he is! How ineffably mean!
So I might bring before you the ambitious scholar, who is too
low in his aims to be influenced by the exalted motive of doing good, and who
feels only that which touches his reputation. Is not this exceedingly low and
mean? What would you think of the preacher who should lose all regard for the
welfare of souls, and think only of fishing for his reputation? What would you
say of him? You would declare that he was too mean and too wicked to live, and
fit only for hell! What would you think of one who might shine like Lucifer
among the morning stars of intellect and genius, but who should debase himself
to the low and miserable vocation of snuffing round after applause, and fishing
for compliments to his talents? Would you not say that such self-seeking is
unutterably contemptible? With all heaven from above beckoning them on to lofty
purposes and efforts, there they are, working their "muck-rake," and
nosing after some little advantage to their small selves!
See that ambitious man who so longs to please everybody that he
conforms his own to everybody's opinions, and never has one that is really his
own! Must not he be low enough to satisfy any of those whose ambition seems
strangely reversed, so that they only aspire to dive and sink -- never to soar;
whose impulses all tend downwards and never up?
One would suppose they
would have degradation enough to satisfy any ordinary ambition.
All this comes of bondage to base selfishness. Alas, that there
should be so much of this in our world that public sentiment rarely estimates
it anywise according to its real nature!
REMARKS.
Our subject reveals the case of those who are convicted of the
right, but cannot be persuaded to do it.
For example, on the subject of temperance, he is
convicted as to duty -- knows he ought to reform absolutely, but yet he will
not change. Every temperance lecture carries conviction, but the next
temptation sweeps it by the board, and he returns like the dog to his vomit.
But mark this -- every successive process of temperance -- conviction and
temptation's triumph, leaves him weaker than before, and very soon you will
find him utterly prostrate. Miserable man! How certainly he will die in his
sins!
No matter what the form of the temptation may be, he who, when
convinced of his duty, yet takes no corresponding action, is on the high-road
to perdition. Inevitably this bondage grows stronger and stronger with every
fresh trial of its strength. Every time you are convinced of duty and yet
resist that conviction, and refuse to act in accordance with it, you become
more and more helpless; you commit yourself more and more to the control of
your iron-hearted master. Every fresh case renders you only the more fully a
helpless slave.
There may be some young men here who have already made
themselves a moral wreck. There may be lads not yet sixteen who have already
put their conscience effectually beneath their feet. Already you have learned,
perhaps, to go against all your convictions of duty. How horrible! Every day
your hands are growing stronger. With each day's resistance, your soul is more
deeply and hopelessly lost. Poor miserable, dying sinner! "He that, being
often reproved, hardeneth his neck, shall suddenly be destroyed, and that
without remedy!" Suddenly, you dash upon the breakers and are gone! Your
friends move solemnly along the shore, and took out upon those rocks of
damnation on which your soul is wrecked, and weeping as they go, they
mournfully say. "There is the wreck of one who knew his duty, but did it
not, Thousands of times the appeals of conviction came home to his heart, but
he learned to resist them -- he made it his business to resist, and, alas! he
was only too successful!"
How insane the delusion, that the sinner's case while yet in his
sins, is growing better, As well might the drunkard fancy he is growing better
because every temperance lecture convicts him of his sin and shame, while yet
every next day's temptation leaves him drunk as ever! Growing better! There can
be no delusion so false and so fatal as this!
You see the force of this delusion in clearer light when you
notice how slight are the considerations that sway the soul against all the
vast motives of God's character and kingdom. Must not that be a strong and
fearful delusion which can make considerations so slight outweigh motives so
vast and momentous?
The guilt of this state is to be estimated by the insignificance
of the motives which control the mind. What would you think of the youth who could
murder his father for a sixpence? What! you would exclaim, for so mean a
pittance be bribed to murder his father! You would account his guilt the
greater by how much less the temptation.
Our subject shows the need of the Holy Spirit to impress the truth
on the hearts of sinners.
You may also see how certainly sinners will be lost if they
grieve the Spirit of God away. Your earthly friends might be discouraged, and
yet you might be saved; but if the Spirit of God becomes discouraged and leaves
you, your doom is sealed forever. "Woe unto them when I depart from
them!" This departure of God from the sinner gives the signal for tolling
the knell of his lost soul. Then the mighty, angel begins to toll, TOLL,
TOLL! the great bell of eternity: one more soul going to its eternal doom!